'Ikirahure' cya kera cy'Abashinwa: Ikinyejana cy'ubushakashatsi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bwahinduye ubumenyi, mu ntangiriro ingoma ya Zhou yashoboraga gukora ikirahure

Ku bijyanye n'ibirahuri, bikekwa ko Abashinwa benshi bicuza cyane, kuko Misiri ya kera, Aziya y'Iburengerazuba n'Uburayi byashoboraga gukora ibirahuri igihe kirekire, mu gihe Ubushinwa busa n'aho bwabikoze mu ngoma ya Ming na Qing. Bitewe n'uburyo bwinshi ibirahuri byakoreshejwe, bamwe mu banditsi b'ibitabo by'ingendo z'igihe runaka bahora bashushanya amayeri yo kubona amafaranga bakora ibirahuri mu bihe bya kera.

Ariko, nta kintu kinini kizwi ni uko ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo mu kinyejana gishize bwagaragaje ko Ubushinwa bwa kera butashoboraga gukora ikirahure gusa, ahubwo bwari bunashoboye no mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Zhou. Muri byo, harimo Ikirahure gitanga urumuri ibicuruzwa byabonetse mu mva z'umuryango wa Cao Cao n'urusengero rw'Abamamare i Shaanxi mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Tang. Noneho, reka tuvuge ku kirahuri cya kera cy'Abashinwa dukoresheje ingero eshatu z'ibyataburuwe mu matongo. Ikirahuri cya kera kirimo ikirahuri, ariko ntikivuga gusa ikirahuri.

Ubwa mbere, ingoma ya Zhou yari isanzwe ishoboye gukora ikirahure

Kugaragara kw'ibirahure si amayobera, ahubwo ni umusaruro w'ibibumbano n'ibikorwa by'ibyuma, bitunganywa bigatunganywamo ibibumbano bifitanye isano. Muri byo, ubuhanga mu by'ibyuma ni umusaruro w'ibibumbano.

Bitewe n'uko ikirahure ari ikintu kidahinduka gifite imiterere idahindagurika, gitandukanye n'ibikoresho bya kristu nka amabuye y'agaciro karemano na jade. Kubwibyo, ibisabwa ku bushyuhe bw'itanura ntibizwi neza, ariko gifite plastike iri mu rugero runaka rw'ubushyuhe. Bamwe mu bakoresha interineti bemeza ko Uburengerazuba bushobora gukora ikirahure, bityo bakemeza ko ubushyuhe bw'itanura bushobora gushonga icyuma cy'ingurube, ibyo bikaba atari byo.

Mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Xia, ubushyuhe bw’itanura mu Bushinwa bwari bumaze kugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 1200, kandi porcelain ya kera yashoboraga gushya. Muri icyo gihe, inganda z’ububumbyi mu Bushinwa bwa kera zari zarateye imbere cyane, kandi inganda z’umuringa mu Ngoma ya Shang nazo zari zarateye imbere cyane. Kubwibyo, ntabwo ari ibisanzwe ko Abashinwa ba kera bashoboraga gukora ibirahuri, nubwo ibikoresho bya mbere by’ibirahuri byavumbuwe uyu munsi byari mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Zhou. Ku ishusho iri hejuru, Ubushinwa bufite ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukora ibyuma bya ceramic, rijyanye n’igishushanyo mbonera cy’itanura riteye imbere kandi rishobora kugera ku bushyuhe bwinshi kandi bungana bwo gushyushya itanura.

Amasaro arenga 100 y'ikirahure cy'amaso y'ikirahure cy'ikirahure cya sodium calcium yataburuwe mu mva ya Zeng Houyi i Suizhou, muri Hubei. Kubwibyo, abahanga benshi bemeza ko ijisho rya Zeng Houyi ry'ikirahure ryaturutse muri Aziya y'Iburengerazuba. Ariko mbere y'uko amasaro y'ikirahure ya Zeng Houyi atangira, Ubushinwa bwari busanzwe bufite ikirahure, urugero, ikirahure cyari gishyizwe ku gitereko cy'inkota cy'Umwami Goujian wa Yue, kiri mu kirahure cyihariye cya sodium calcium calcium cyo mu Bushinwa bwa kera.

Nyuma y’igihe cy’Intambara, Ubushinwa bwavumbuye ubwoko bwihariye bw’ikirahure cyitwa lead barium silicate glass, izwi cyane nka "lead barium glass", izwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga nk'uburyo bw’ikirahure budasanzwe mu Bushinwa bwa kera. Mu mva zirenga 110 za Chu muri Changsha, Hunan, havumbuwe ibice birenga 130 bya jade ifite glaze, harimo cong, ring, bead, na tube. Muri byo, jade ifite glaze ifite glaze ibonerana kandi ikozwe mu kirahure cya barium ifite plaque.

Kubwibyo, ikirahure si igihangano cy’i Burengerazuba, kandi Changsha nayo ni imwe mu turere twa mbere twavumbuye ikirahure. Ikirahure cya barium cy’icyitegererezo cyavumbuye gitandukanye cyane n’ikirahure cya sodium calcium cyo mu Burengerazuba. Muri byo, impamvu Ubushinwa butari ikirahure cya sodium calcium ni ukubura kw’ibikoresho fatizo bya sodium carbonate (ivu ry’ivu karemano) bikoreshwa mu gukurura ibintu bifitanye isano, kandi ntaho bihuriye n’ikoranabuhanga.

Kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1977, mu irimbi rya Cao Clan i Bozhou, mu Ntara ya Anhui, ahagana mu 170 nyuma ya Yesu, havumbuwe indorerwamo eshanu za kera cyane ku isi zikozwe mu kirahure cy’ubukorano. Zimwe mu nkengero zazo zari zifite ingese y’umuringa, bigaragaza ko izi ndorerwamo zishobora kuba zari zishyizwe mu miyoboro y’umuringa.

Ku bijyanye n'izi lenzi eshanu z'amatara, ubushakashatsi bufatika bwerekana ko: icya mbere, zifite ubwisanzure bwinshi, zifite utubuto duto imbere gusa, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwiza bwo kongera no gushyira ibintu ku murongo, bigaragaza ko abantu ba kera bari bazi ubuhanga buhanitse mu gukora ibintu n'ubumenyi runaka bw'amatara; Icya kabiri, inyandiko y'ubushakashatsi yanditswe na Li Can na Ma Yanru igaragaza ko imiterere y'imiti itandukanye n'iy'ikirahure cya soda y'ikirahure cy'izuba, kandi ikoranabuhanga ryo gutwika rikomoka ku ikoranabuhanga rya kera rya ceramic, ryemeza ko ryakorewe mu Bushinwa.

Muri icyo gihe, nyuma y’ingoma ya Han yo mu Burasirazuba, imiterere y’ikirahure cy’Abashinwa yongeye guhinduka. Ikirahure cya silicate cya barium cyari kitakikunzwe cyane, ariko havutse ubundi bwoko bw’ikirahure cyihariye mu Bushinwa, ari cyo ikirahure cya silicate gifite icyuma kinini, cyaje kuba ikintu cy’ingenzi mu byakozwe mu rugo. Ikirahure mu Bushinwa.

Icya gatatu, igikombe cy'ikirahure cy'urusengero rwa Famen mu ngoma ya Tang

Umucyo n'ububengerane bw'ikirahure cya silicate gifite icyuma kinini byarushijeho kunozwa cyane, kandi gishobora no gushyuha. Kubwibyo, nyuma y'igihe cy'ikoranabuhanga, cyamenyekanye cyane mu gihe cy'ingoma za Tang na Song, kandi ibikombe by'ikirahure bya Famen Temple ni bimwe muri byo.

Mu 1987, mu rusengero rwa Famen ruherereye i Fufeng, Baoji, muri Shaanxi, havumbuwe igikombe cy'icyayi n'isahani y'icyayi mu cyumba cyo inyuma cy'ingoro yayo yo munsi y'ubutaka. Igikombe cy'icyayi cyari gifite ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi, kandi hari uduheri duto duto ku nkuta. Inkuta zombi z'imbere n'iz'inyuma zasaga neza kandi ari nshya.

Mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ya Famen Temple, havumbuwe ibicuruzwa 20 by'ibirahuri, muri byo 18 bifite imiterere ya Aziya y'Iburengerazuba, ariko ibikombe by'icyayi n'amasahani ni umwihariko w'Ubushinwa kandi ni iby'ibirahuri byakorewe mu Bushinwa.

Ingingo igira iti "Ushobora kuba utazi ko hari n'ibirahuri mu Bushinwa bwa kera" yavuzwe na Global Network Finance and Science Popularization China igaragaza ko ibi ari ibirahuri bifite icyuma gishyushye cyane, ariko ibirahuri bifite icyuma gishyushye cyane bihumanya cyane ibintu bishongesha. Nyuma, oxide ya potasiyumu yakoreshejwe mu gusimbuza oxide imwe ya chitsulo mu gukora ibirahuri bifite icyuma gishyushye cya potasiyumu, kandi "ubu bwoko bw'ibirahuri bwakunzwe cyane kuva hagati kugeza mu mpera z'ingoma ya Tang kugeza mu ngoma ya Song.

Muri zo, Ingoma y'umuziki yari ifite ikusanyirizo ryinshi ry'ibirahuri, nk'ibirahuri by'ibihumyo, imikeka y'imizabibu y'ibirahuri, ibikoresho bifite ishusho ya tripod, ibikoresho bifite ishusho y'igi, imikeka y'imisatsi y'ibirahuri, n'imikeka y'imisatsi y'ibirahuri.

Muri rusange, mbere y’ingoma ya Yuan, Ubushinwa ntibwashoboraga gukora ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibicuruzwa by’ibirahuri gusa, ahubwo bwanakoze ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibirahuri, bitari munsi y’Uburengerazuba muri rusange. Igitabo cya Wei cyananditse ko ibicuruzwa by’ibirahuri byo mu rugo icyo gihe byari bifite "ubwiza buruta ubw’i Burengerazuba". Iyo tubirebye mu ikoranabuhanga n’ikoreshwa ry’udushya, bigaragara ko Ubushinwa burusha Uburengerazuba. Nyuma y’ingoma ya Yuan, inganda z’ibirahuri z’Ubushinwa zakomeje gutera imbere, ariko nyuma y’impinduramatwara y’inganda ni bwo bwasubiye inyuma y’Uburengerazuba.

Amaherezo, ntibitangaje kuba ikirahure gishobora gukorwa mu Bushinwa bwa kera. N'ubundi kandi, abantu benshi bumvise "ikirahure cy'amabara". Ikirahure ni ubwoko bw'ikirahure cy'amabara. Kubwibyo, nubwo nta bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo, inzira yo gukora ikirahure cy'amabara yanditswe mu bitabo bya kera, dushobora kumenya ko ikirahure gishobora gukorwa mu Bushinwa bwa kera. Ariko igitangaje ni impamvu abantu benshi bibuka ko ikirahure kitashoboraga gukorwa mu Bushinwa bwa kera, kandi ni nyuma yo kuhagera kw'abamisiyoneri bo mu Burengerazuba bw'isi, Ubushinwa bwashoboraga kubikora? Iki kibazo giteye ubwoba cyane kugitekerezaho.