Irabagirana, irabagirana kandi ifite amabara menshi, ubwiza bw'ibirahure byo mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Qing

Ikirahure cy'Abashinwa Yakomotse mu Ngoma ya Zhou y'Iburengerazuba kandi irakura mu Ngoma ya Qing. Mu mwaka wa 35 w'ingoma ya Kangxi (1690), hubatswe uruganda rw'ibirahuri rw'Ibiro by'Ubwubatsi bya Qing Palace. Mu gihe cya Kangxi, Yongzheng, na Qianlong, abanyabukorikori b'Abashinwa bahuje ibintu by'Abashinwa n'iby'Iburengerazuba kugira ngo bakore ubwoko bwihariye bw'ibirahuri. Ubwo imbaraga z'igihugu zagabanukaga mu mpera z'ingoma ya Qing, umusaruro w'ibirahuri mu Ngoro ya Qing waragabanutse buhoro buhoro, ariko umubare munini w'ibirahuri by'Iburengerazuba n'Iburasirazuba byinjiye mu Mujyi Ubujijwe. Ibirahuri byiza kandi by'agaciro byo mu rugo rw'ingoma ya Qing byagiye bihinduka amabara ya buri munsi. Amabara meza n'imiterere myiza y'ibirahuri by'ingoma ya Qing ntagereranywa mu mateka y'ibirahuri by'Abashinwa.

Gusukura indobo y'ibirahure by'umuhengeri bibonerana mu gihembwe cyo hagati

Ikirahure cy'icyatsi kibisi gisukuye gikozwe mu ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi (imbere) kiri hagati mu cyiciro cyo gusukura

Gusukura indobo y'ibirahure by'icyatsi kibisi bibonerana mu gihembwe cy'izuba

Ikirahure cy'ikirahure gikozwe mu ibara ry'icyayi (imbere) kiri hagati mu cyiciro cyo gusukura

Indobo y'ibirahure by'ibara ry'icyayi ibonerana, yo gusukura hagati

Ubururu Ikirahure gitanga urumuri Ishusho ya Square Qing Qianlong

Ikirahure cy'ubururu gibonerana (ifoto irambuye) Qing Qianlong

Icupa ry'ikirahure cy'ubururu gibonerana, Qing Qianlong

Icupa ry'indabyo zo mu kirere ry'ubururu bubonerana mu matwi abiri rifunguye neza

Icupa ry'indabyo zo mu kirere zibonerana ku kanwa k'indabyo zo mu matwi abiri (ishusho irambuye) risobanutse neza

Ubururu bw'Iburengerazuba butanga urumuri Isahani y'ikirahure Uburayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 19

Icupa ry'umuhondo ry'ikirahure cy'ubutaka bubiri Qing Qianlong

Icupa rya Chrysanthemum ry'ikirahure ribonerana ry'iburengerazuba ryo mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 19

Icupa rya Chrysanthemum ry'ikirahure ribonerana ry'iburengerazuba (ifoto irambuye) Uburayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 19

Ibara ry'umweru ry'ikibabi cy'umuneke gifite ishusho y'indabyo z'ikinyugunyugu, ibara ry'amatwi abiri, Qing Qianlong, rigizwe n'ibirahure bitukura by'ikibabi cy'umuneke.

Icupa ry'umweru rifite ishusho y'ikirahure gitukura cya peach, Qing Qianlong

Icupa ry'impeshyi rya Qing Qianlong rifite ibara ry'umutuku ry'ikiyoka kinini gihiga isaro.

Icupa ry'umweru ry'ikiyoka cy'ubururu n'icupa rya phoenix rifite ishusho ya Qing Qianlong

01 Igikorwa cyo guturitsa ibintu mu buryo bugoye
"Yanshan Zaji · Liuli" yanditse ko mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Ming, hari ibikoresho byo gushyushya nk'amatara y'ibibuno, amacupa y'amafi, n'amaso ya Buddha byatanze "ubwami bw'ubusa". Ibikoresho byo gushyushya ikirahure cyakozwe mu buryo bwa jade byonyine biracyariho muri iki gihe. Uburyo bw'ikirahure bwazanywe mu Burayi mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Qing bwemereraga ibikorwa bigoye byo gushyushya. Uretse gushyushya ibintu bito, gushyushya ibumba ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukora ibintu bigoye. Shyiramo umuyoboro w'icyuma mu cyuma cy'ikirahure hanyuma uwuhushye mu cyuma. Nyuma yo kugitunganya, kuramo ibumba hanyuma uryoshye, wongereweho gushushanya no gusiga irangi.

Icupa ry'ubururu ribonerana ry'ikirahure cya mpandeshatu Qing Yongzheng

Imbuto z'ibirahuri z'amabara atandukanye zo gusukura

Imbuto z'ibirahuri zifite amabara menshi (ishusho irambuye) zisobanutse neza

Icupa ry'ikirahure cy'amabara ane, Qing Qianlong

Amaseti 02 y'ibirahure

Gupfuka ikirahure ni uruvange rw'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfuka ikirahure n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya, aho ibara ry'imbere riri imbere n'ibara ry'igipfukisho cyo hanze rivugwa nyuma. Bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: kimwe ni ugupfuka ikirahure cya monochrome n'ikirahure cya monochrome; Uburyo bwa kabiri ni "guhuza", bukubiyemo gufatanya igice no gushongesha ibice bitandukanye by'ikirahure by'amabara ku gice cy'ubutaka, hanyuma ukabishushanya mu gace runaka.

Ikirahure cy'ibara ry'umweru gifite imiterere y'udusimba tubiri n'amazi asa n'umuhondo, Qing Dynasty Qianlong

Icupa ry'umuhondo ry'icyatsi kibisi rifite ishusho y'agacupa k'inyenzi gafite ishusho y'agacupa gasukuye

Ibara ry'umweru ry'ikibabi cy'umuneke gifite ishusho y'indabyo, gifite amatwi abiri, Qing Qianlong

Ibara ry'ururabyo rw'ubururu ry'ikibabi cy'umuneke gifite ishusho y'indabyo zometseho amatwi abiri (ishusho irambuye) Qing Qianlong

Igikombe cy'umweru gifite ishusho y'ubururu bw'ikirahure cya lotus, Qing Qianlong

Igikombe cy'ubururu cy'umweru gifite ikirahure cy'ubururu gifatanye (ifoto irambuye) Qing Qianlong

03 Gushushanya Ikirahure

Gushushanya ikirahure ni ubwoko bw'ibishushanyo bukoresha ikirahure nk'uburyo bwo gushushanya. Kubera ko ishusho igaragara munsi y'ikirahure, ni ngombwa gukurikiza uburyo bwo kwerekana ibara mbere yo kuvanga inyuma y'amabara mu gihe cyo gushushanya, ibi bikaba bitandukanye n'uburyo busanzwe bwo gushushanya. Ni muri urwo rwego, ingoma ya Qing yateye imbere vuba ubuhanga bwo gushushanya imbere hakoreshejwe imitwe y'ikaramu igoramye, yakoreshwaga cyane mu bikoresho bito nk'amacupa yo gukaraba.

Gushushanya irangi ry'abagore bo mu Burengerazuba bw'isine y'ibirahuri bisukuye neza

Igishushanyo cy'ikirahure cy'abagore bo mu Burengerazuba (Ibisobanuro birambuye) Qing

Ishusho y'ubuhinzi n'ububoshyi Irangi ry'ibirahuri risobanutse neza

Ishusho y'ubuhinzi n'ububoshyi Irangi ry'ibirahuri (Ibisobanuro birambuye) Risobanutse neza

Ikirahure cyashushanyijweho 04

Ibirahure bishushanyije bishobora kugabanywamo uburyo bwo gushushanya diyama n'uburyo bwo gushushanya imodoka. Haracyariho umubare muto w'ibirahure bishushanyije diyama byo mu gihe cya Kangxi. Ubu buryo bwatangiriye i Venise mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16, aho ikaramu yo gushushanya ifite diyama yakoreshejwe ku buso bw'ibirahure mu gusiga amarangi no gusya. Mu gihe cya Yongzheng, ibirahure bishushanyije byakuyemo imbaraga nyinshi mu buryo gakondo bwo gushushanya diyama, ubu buzwi cyane nka "uburyo bwo gushushanya amagare".

Indabo z'indabyo zibonerana za safiro y'ubururu bwo mu burengerazuba zishushanyije mu ibara ry'ubururu zo mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 19

Indobo y'indabyo igaragara mu kirahuri cy'ubururu bw'ubururu bw'iburengerazuba (ifoto irambuye) Uburayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 19

Igikombe cy'ikinyugunyugu gifite ishusho y'ikirahure cy'umuhondo, Qing Qianlong

Ikirahure gishushanyijeho indabyo n'imbuto, igikombe gifite uburebure burambuye

Igikombe cy'indabyo n'imbuto bifite ishusho y'ikirahure gishushanyijeho uburebure (ishusho irambuye) gisobanutse neza

05 Ikirahure cya Zahabu

Ikirahure cya Baojin bivuze inzira yo gukora imirongo myiza kandi isa neza ku buso bw'ibirahure bya monochrome, hanyuma ugashyiraho kole ya zahabu na foil imbere mu mirongo kugira ngo ukore imiterere ya zahabu. Ubu buryo bwakozwe binyuze mu gukurura imyuka iva mu ikoranabuhanga rya lacquer kandi ni imitako yihariye y'ibirahure bya Qing Dynasty.

Igikoresho cy'ubururu bw'ikirahure cy'umukara gikozwe mu gisa n'ikirahure cya zahabu gifatanye n'ishami rya tripod Qing Qianlong

Icyuma cy'ikirahure cy'ubururu bw'ijuru gifite amashami apfunyitse zahabu n'amabara y'indabyo, Qing Qianlong

06 Ikirahure cya Venus

Ikirahure cya Venus cyitiriwe uduce twa kristu tuba tubengerana n'urumuri rwa zahabu mu mubiri wacyo. Cyatangiye gukoreshwa nk'ubwoko bushya bw'ikirahure i Venisi mu kinyejana cya 15 kandi cyitwa "ibuye rya Wendorina" cyangwa "Kashlun" mu bubiko bwa Qing Palace. Mu myaka ya mbere y'ingoma ya Qianlong, ubu bwoko bwakoreshejwe neza mu ruganda rw'ikirahure ruyobowe n'abamisiyoneri. Bitewe n'ubukana bwacyo bwinshi n'ingorane zo kubuhumeka, ibyinshi mu bikoresho bya Venus bihari bibazwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushushanya jade, hamwe n'ibintu bike bifite ibice bya Venus bishyizwe hanze y'icyuma.

Ipine ry'umuringa ririmo ikirahure cy'inyenyeri ya zahabu, agakoresho ko gushyiramo ikaramu y'urubura, isobanutse neza

Ipine ry'umuringa ririho akantu ko gufata ikaramu y'urubura y'inyenyeri ya zahabu (ishusho irambuye) isobanutse neza

Ishusho y'Indabyo zo mu Mujyi wa Phoenix zikozwe mu bicu bya Venus Glass Carving Double Connection Water City Indabyo zishyirwamo Clear

07 Ibindi bisigazwa by'umuco byiza cyane

Ikirahure cy'umweru, utudomo dutukura, inkono y'indabyo, irabagirana

Ikirahure cy'umweru gipfunyitse mu ibara rya silk n'icupa ry'ikirahure rifite ishusho ya spiral, Qing Qianlong

Icupa ry'ikirahure cyera rifite ishusho y'uruziga ripfunyitse mu hariri y'amabara (ifoto irambuye) Qing Qianlong

Icupa ryo gushushanya indabyo n'inyoni mu kirahure Qing Qianlong

Diancui iriho ikirahuri, inkomoko yayo ifite ishusho ya Bandai, indabyo zo mu mutwe, irabagirana

Umushumi w'ikirahure gitukura gitwikiriwe n'urubura wa Feixue, ugaragara neza

Intare irabagirana ishushanyijeho ikirahure irabeshya itera umupira neza

Icupa ry'ikirahure cy'umupfundikizo w'amatwi abiri ripfunyitse mu ibara ry'iburengerazuba, Venise yo mu kinyejana cya 18

Icupa ry'ikirahure cy'umupfundikizo w'amatwi abiri ripfundikiye ibara ry'iburengerazuba (ifoto irambuye) Venise yo mu kinyejana cya 18