Ibirahuri by'Icyubahiro cy'Igihugu: Gushima no Gusobanura Incamake y'Iduka ry'Amakusanyirizo ryacukuwe

Ibirahuri bya kera byose byataburuwe mu Bushinwa bikoreshwa nk'ibintu byo gushyingura mu masanduku y'imva, ndetse n'ibikoresho byasigaye n'amaturo mu bisigazwa by'Ababuda nka pagoda, insengero, ingoro zo munsi y'ubutaka, cyangwa ingoro zo mu kirere. Kuva Ububuda bwatangira, bwagiranye isano rikomeye n'ibirahuri kuva mu ntangiriro, kandi ikirahuri gifite umwanya udasanzwe muri Bubuda.

Agasanduku k'ikirahure kataburuwe mu nyuguti y'ibuye ry'Ababuda bo mu majyaruguru ya Wei i Dingzhou, mu Ntara ya Hebei

Ijambo ry’ikinyasanduki risobanura "ikirahure" risobanura ibuye ry’ubururu, risobanura ibara ry’ubururu bwimbitse ry’ibuye ry’agaciro. Kimwe n’ibara ry’ubururu bwo mu kirere, rifite ubwiza bwa kristu, ubuso n’imbere birabonerana, kandi imbere n’inyuma byuzuzanya. Ubuvuzi Buda ni Buda wo mu Isi y’Ikirahure cy’Iburasirazuba. Ububuda bukoresha urumuri rw’ikirahure kugira ngo bugaragaze mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo imico myiza ya Buda, bityo Ubuvuzi Buda buzwi kandi nka Buda wo mu Buvuzi bw’Iburasirazuba bw’Urumuri rw’Ikirahure cy’Ubuda.

Ingoma ya Tang ifite ibirenge birebire byoroheje by'icyatsi kibisi Ibikombe by'ikirahure byataburuwe mu bihuru bya Senmushem biri i Kuche, Xinjiang

Nk'idini, guhinduka mu kwemera ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi cyane. Kugira ngo abamonaki bakure ibitekerezo by'abizera kandi bakwirakwize Dharma, bakunze kwihatira guhanga udushya no kuzana ibitekerezo bishya, imihango, ubwubatsi, n'ibintu bishya. Kugira ngo umuntu abeho n'ibirahure, urupfu ni rwo rubi kurushaho. Sheli yabanje kuba inyuguti za Sanskrit zisobanura amagufwa cyangwa ibisigazwa bya Buda mu buryo bw'umwuka. Dukurikije "Igitabo cya Wei: Shi Lao Zhi" cy'ingoma ya Qi yo mu majyaruguru, Buda amaze gupfa, ibiti bihumura neza byaratwitswe maze amagufwa ya roho acibwamo ibice, rimwe rito nk'ingano. Ntiryangiritse iyo ryakubiswe, cyangwa ngo ritwikwe, kandi rishobora kuba ryaragize ingaruka nziza ku Mana. Bitwa "Sheli" mu buryo budafite ishingiro.

Byaba ari ibisigazwa by'umubiri nyakuri cyangwa ibisimbura, ni ibintu by'ingenzi bitangwaho ibitambo n'ibintu byera, kandi ibyo bintu byera bigomba kubikwa mu bikoresho by'agaciro gakomeye cyane. Ibikoresho byasigaye mu ma pagoda ya kera y'Ababuda mu Buhinde no muri Aziya yo Hagati byari bikozwe mu bikoresho nk'ibumba, ibiti, icyuma, amabuye, na kristu. Ariko, mu Bushinwa, ibikoresho byasigaye byakozwe mu kirahuri byaragaragaye. Impamvu zabyo ni ebyiri: icya mbere, mu bihe bya kera, ikirahuri cyari kidasanzwe kandi gifite agaciro ugereranije na zahabu; icya kabiri, ikirahuri cyari gisukuye kandi gishobora gukoreshwa cyane, bigatuma kiba cyiza cyane kubikwa no gushyirwa ahagaragara.

Amasaro y'ikirahure yataburuwe mu nyuguti z'amabuye ya pagoda y'Ababuda bo mu majyaruguru ya Wei i Dingzhou, mu Ntara ya Hebei

Kugeza ubu, ikigo cya mbere cy’umunara w’Abashinwa ni Pagoda y’Ababuda ya Wei yo mu majyaruguru i Dingzhou, mu Ntara ya Hebei. Mu butaka bw’iki kigo cy’umunara, hari ibahasha y’amabuye kare ifite igipfukisho cyo hejuru cyo mu mwaka wa gatanu wa Taihe (481 nyuma ya Yesu). Imbere muri iyo bahasha, hari ibintu byinshi by’agaciro byashyizwe mu nzu y’ubwami ya Wei yo mu majyaruguru, harimo ibikoresho birindwi by’ibirahuri n’ibihumbi by’ibirahuri byo gushushanya nk’imiyoboro n’amasaro.

Amacupa y'icyatsi kibisi yo mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Sui yataburuwe mu nyubako y'urusengero rwa Qingchan i Xi'an

Icupa ry'icyatsi kibisi rifite ijosi rito n'inda ifite umuzenguruko, rifite uburebure bwa cm 8.4 na cm 7 z'umurambararo, ryataburuwe mu gice cyo hasi cy'urusengero rwa Qingchan muri Xi'an, rwubatswe mu mwaka wa cyenda w'ingoma ya Kaihuang y'ingoma ya Sui (589 AD). Inda ifite imitako ine igaragara ifite umurambararo wa cm 2.5, kandi urutugu rw'icupa rufite imitako ine ingana ya mpandeshatu. Iyi mitako yose igaragara n'iy'impandeshatu ikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusya nyuma y'uko ikintu kiremwe, bukoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ibirahuri bikonje. Iri cupa ry'ikirahure rikoreshwa neza mu kubika ibisigazwa.

Umusingi w'urusengero rwa Dayun muri Jingchuan, Gansu wubatswe mu mwaka wa mbere wa Yanzai (694 nyuma ya Yesu). Agasanduku k'amabuye kari munsi y'ubutaka kari gafite agasanduku k'umuringa ka zahabu, kari gafite isanduku y'ifeza. Agasanduku k'ifeza kari gafite icupa rito ry'ikirahure ryera, kari gafite "ibisigazwa" 14. Ibi bihuye neza n'inyandiko iri mu "Inyandiko iri ku gasanduku k'amabuye ka Relic k'urusengero rwa Dayun muri Jingzhou": "Hanyuma icyumba cy'amatafari cyarafunguwe maze haboneka agasanduku k'amabuye. Hari ibisigazwa 14 mu icupa ry'ikirahure.

Icyegeranyo cy'Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Gansu cy'Ingoro ya Jingyuan Dayun Temple Pagoda n'amacupa y'ibirahuri yo munsi y'ubutaka y'Ingoro

Ibintu by'ibirahuri byataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka y'urusengero rwa Famen i Fufeng

Nk’uko inkuru y’Ababuda ibivuga, kugira ngo Ububuda burusheho gukwirakwira, Umwami Ashoka yakusanyije ibisigazwa 84000 by’Umwami Ashikaga mu bibindi 84000 by’ibirahuri, ibipfukisho by’ubutunzi 84000, n’ibice 84000 by’amabara. Yanategetse abazimu n’imana gukora pagoda 84000 z’Ababuda mu ijoro rimwe kandi ashyira ibisigazwa 84000 ukwabyo. Icyo gihe, Urusengero rwa Famen rwari rufite imyirondoro itatu: urusengero rw’ingoro, urusengero rw’igihugu, n’urusengero ruzwi cyane. Rwari ahantu hera h’Ababuda hubahirizwaga n’umuryango w’abami wa Tang. Kuva mu gihe cya Tang Zhenguan, hakozwe ibikorwa birindwi byo kwakira no kohereza amagufwa y’Ababuda. Mu 1987, ibisigazwa by’intoki bya Buda by’Urusengero rwa Famen byarakosowe, maze havumburwa ibikoresho 17 by’ibirahuri, byose bikekwa ko ari ibintu byashyizwe mu bubiko bw’ubwami.

Amacupa y'ikirahure yataburuwe mu igorofa ry'umweru rya Liao Dynasty i Jixian, Tianjin

Mu gihe cy’ingoma za Song na Liao, abategetsi bo mu gace n’abihaye Imana bazwi cyane bakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo bazungurure ibikoresho by’agaciro by’ibirahuri mu ma pagoda no mu nsengero zo gusenga kugira ngo bashake icyubahiro. Icupa ry’umuhondo woroshye ryakuwe mu nyuguti y’ibuye ya Tiangong ya Chaoyang North Pagoda mu Ntara ya Liaoning, rifite uburebure bwa santimetero 16 n’imiterere rusange isa n’inyoni iryamye ifite umurambararo w’inda ibyimbye wa santimetero 8.5. Ijosi ry’icupa ryari rishushanyijeho insinga y’ubururu, kandi urufunguzo rwo ku munwa rwari rukozwe mu kirahuri cy’ubururu. Umunwa w’icupa wari ufite umupfundikizo w’icupa rya zahabu ry’umubyeyi n’umwana, kandi hari n’igikombe gito cy’ubururu cy’umukandara w’icupa imbere. Iri cupa ry’icupa rifite imiterere idasanzwe n’urukuta rw’icupa rworoshye cyane kandi rworoshye. Ni icupa ry’icupa rya Islam ryakozwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutwika. Nk’igikoresho cy’igitambo, iki kintu cy’agaciro cyazungurutswe mu mupfundikizo w’Ababuda ku ngoma y’Umwami Chongxi w’ingoma ya Liao.

Icupa ry'ikirahure rya Liao Dynasty ryataburuwe mu munara wa Chaoyang North Tower mu Ntara ya Liaoning

Umusingi w'urusengero rwa Jingzhi mu Karere ka Ding, mu Ntara ya Hebei wongeye kubakwa mu mwaka wa kabiri wa Taiping Xingguo mu Ngoma y'Uruyimbo rwa Ruguru (977 AD). Ibisigazwa byataburuwe birimo ibisigazwa bitandukanye byakusanyijwe kandi bitangwa ku bisigazwa kuva mu mwaka wa kabiri wa Xing'an mu Ngoma y'Amajyaruguru ya Wei (453 AD), kugeza mu mwaka wa kabiri wa Daye mu Ngoma ya Sui (606 AD), mu mwaka wa cumi n'ibiri wa Dazhong mu Ngoma ya Tang (858 AD), n'umwaka wa kabiri wa Taiping Xingguo mu Ngoma y'Uruyimbo (977 AD). Muri byo, harimo ibikoresho 37 by'ibirahuri. Umusingi w'Umunara wa Jingzhongyuan wubatswe mu mwaka wa mbere w'ingoma ya Zhidao y'ingoma y'Uruyimbo rwa Ruguru (995 AD), kandi hari ibikoresho 34 by'ibirahuri biri mu gasanduku k'amabuye yo munsi y'ubutaka mu ngoro. Ibi bikoresho by'ibirahuri ni byo bintu by'ingenzi cyane byavumbuwe mu bushakashatsi bwa kera. Ikirahure cy'Abashinwaibikoresho.

Inyandiko ku birahuri ku nyuguti z'umuringa za Sui n'inyuguti z'amabuye ya Tang zo mu rusengero rwa Dingzhou Jingzhi

Inyuguti y'amabuye y'ingoma ya Sui, inyuguti y'umuringa ya zahabu, inyuguti y'amabuye ifite ishusho y'umupfundikizo, isafuriya ya zahabu na feza ya zahabu, umunara wa zahabu na feza wa zahabu, n'amacupa abiri y'ibirahure afite ibice by'icyatsi n'umweru byataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ya Jingzhi Temple Pagoda bigize itsinda ry'ibikoresho byasigaye, bihuye n'inyandiko "birundanyije hejuru no hasi, ibice birindwi imbere no hanze" ku nyuguti y'umuringa ya zahabu mu mwaka wa kabiri wa Daye (606 nyuma ya Yesu). Mu mwaka wa 12 wa Dazhong (858 nyuma ya Yesu) w'ingoma ya Tang, inyandiko y'ibuye "Inyandiko yo gushyingura umubiri w'ukuri mu rusengero rwa Jingzhi i Dingzhou" yanditseho iti: "Hari ubutunzi birindwi bikikije umunara w'ifeza mu nyuguti y'izahabu, amacupa abiri y'ibirahure imbere, kandi amacupa abiri mato y'umweru n'icyatsi kibisi arimo arakura." Ibi bigaragaza amacupa abiri y'ibirahure akomeye cyane mu "bice birindwi imbere no hanze". Kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya kabiri, byari umusaruro w'ingoma ya Sui.

Ibikombe by'ibirahuri byo mu bwoko bwa "straight tube" byo mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Sui byataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka y'urusengero rw'ababuda mu rusengero rwa Dingzhou Jingzhi

Ku musozo w'igitabo "Inyandiko y'Umubiri w'Ukuri", handitse ngo: "Inzu nto y'amabuye iri muri iyo nzu yari iherereye mu rusengero rwa Tianyou, irimo ibisigazwa bibiri n'amacupa ane yo kubikamo: ikirahure, zahabu, ifeza, na lacquer, byashyizwe mu nyuguti ishaje hejuru y'inzu." Icupa ry'ikirahure ry'imbere ni icupa rito rifite impande enye ribonerana rifite umupfundikizo wa lotus, rikoreshwa nk'igikoresho cyo kubikamo imyanda.

Indabyo z'ibirahuri by'ibisigazwa by'ingoma ya Sui byataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka y'urusengero rwa Jingzhi rw'Ababuda

Indi cupa ry'ikirahure naryo rishobora kuba iry'ingoma ya Sui. Iri cupa ni ibara ry'ubururu butangaje, rifite umunwa mwiza n'inda ibyimbye. Rifite uburebure bwa santimetero 9, umurambararo wa santimetero 5.5, kandi rifite umurambararo ntarengwa w'inda wa santimetero 8. Zingira umugozi w'ikirahure ku rutugu hanyuma uzunguruke ibirenge.

Ikirahure cy'ibirahure cyo mu bwami bwa Sui cyataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka y'urusengero rwa Jingzhi Temple Buddhist Pagoda

Xiao Liang na Shen Yue bo mu Ngoma y'Amajyepfo banditse bati "Ababikira b'Ababuda mu Rusengero rw'Ababuda mu Ngoma y'Amajyepfo ya Qi barimo kugenda mu buryo busobanutse kandi bwiza": "Uri mu gicu, urabona Maitreya n'Ababodhisattva bose. Bose ni zahabu, kandi bafite poppy y'ikirahure isobanutse mu biganza byabo..." Poppy y'ikirahure iri mu biganza bya Bodhisattva ni ubutunzi, mu gihe poppy y'ikirahure ari icupa rifite inda nini n'umunwa muto, ari na yo shusho gakondo y'Abashinwa. Ibintu byafashwe na Bodhisattva mu mashusho yo mu buvumo bwa 225 bw'ibiraro bya Mogao bya Dunhuang bifite imiterere imwe n'amacupa y'ikirahure ya Sui Dynasty yataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'Ingoro ya Jingzhi, ni ukuvuga poppy y'ikirahure isobanutse nk'ubutunzi.

Ibishushanyo by'ibirahuri byafashwe na bodhisattvas mu buvumo bwa 225 bw'ibiraro bya Mogao bya Dunhuang

Hariho kandi Isahani y'ikirahure, icyatsi kibisi gisesuye, gifite hasi hanini kandi hato, ubugari bw'urukuta butarenze santimetero 0.15, uburebure bwa santimetero 9, n'umurambararo wa santimetero 15. Igikombe cy'ikirahure gifite ishusho ya lotus gifashwe na Bodhisattva mu buvumo bwa 328 bw'ubuvumo bwa Mogao gifite imiterere imwe.

Igikombe cy'ikirahure cya Lotus gifashwe na Bodhisattva mu buvumo bwa 328 bw'ibiraro bya Mogao

Mu gihe cy'ingoma y'indirimbo, icupa ry'ikirahure ryarimo amazi y'indabyo, rizwi kandi ku izina ry'imibavu, ryari igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyakoreshwaga mu gusiga amavuta y'Ababuda. Amacupa atatu y'ikirahure yoroheje yavuzwe haruguru yataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ku munsi w'umunara wa Jingzhi Academy yose yari ibikoresho by'ikirahure byo kubikamo imibavu.

Icupa ry'ikirahure ryakozwe mu gihe cy'ubutayu ryataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka y'urusengero rwa Jingzhi rw'Ababuda

Amacupa y'ibirahuri arenga mirongo ine n'amacupa mato afite ijosi yataburuwe mu rufatiro rw'ingoro ebyiri zo munsi y'ubutaka, afite amabara atandukanye arimo ubururu bubonerana, icyatsi kibisi gibonerana, umuhondo w'umukara ubonerana, umukara ubonerana, n'umukara utagira uko usa. Izi ngano z'ibirahuri zose zari ibicuruzwa by'ingoma ya Song, bigaragaza ko inganda z'ibirahuri zo mu gihugu mu ngoma ya Song zari zarateye imbere cyane ugereranije n'ingoma za Sui na Tang, kandi zashoboraga gukora ibirahuri bifite amabara atandukanye kandi bibonerana.
Indabo y'ikirahure y'indobo yo mu Ngoma y'Abayimba yataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka y'urusengero rwa Jingzhi Temple Buddhist Pagoda

Uretse amasaro y'ibirahuri y'ingenzi mu bikoresho by'Ababuda mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Tang na Song, imbuto zimwe na zimwe n'ibindi bikoresho byakozwe mu kirahuri nabyo byakoreshejwe mu guha icyubahiro Buda. Imiterere y'ikirahuri igaragara n'ibisobanuro byacyo byari bihuye n'inyigisho. Hari "imbuto" esheshatu z'ibirahuri zacukuwe muri stupa i Lintong, Shaanxi, zitwa "imbuto za Sutuohan" mu mvugo y'Ababuda. Zashyirwaga muri stupa iyo zataburuwe; Amagi y'ibirahuri, amasahani y'ibirahuri, n'ibindi bikunze kuboneka mu mva zasigaye nk'ibintu byo gushyinguramo cyangwa amaturo.

Icyapa cy'ubururu cy'ikirahure gifite amashusho ahishe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ya Famen Temple

Amasahani atandatu y'ubururu afite ibishushanyo mbonera byashushanyijwe yataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ya Famen Temple, yose abikwa neza kandi afite ibishushanyo mbonera byiza cyane. Ibishushanyo mbonera byashushanyijwe bikorerwa hejuru y'ikirahure hakoreshejwe igikoresho gikomeye kandi cyiza kurusha ikirahure nyuma yo kugikora, gikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ikirahure gikonje.

Isahani y'ubururu ya zahabu ifite ishusho y'amababi ya maple, ifite umurambararo wa 15.9, uburebure bwa 2.1, ubujyakuzimu bwa santimetero 1.8, ipima garama 132. Umunwa ugororotse ufite iminwa isongoye, inda ntoya ifite hasi harambuye, n'imbere harambuye gato. Ubururu bwimbitse, bubonerana. Hagati mu isahani hashushanyijweho imiterere y'amababi ya maple na zahabu, mu gihe inyuma hashushanyijweho imiraba y'amazi n'imirongo igororotse, kandi bigabanyijwemo uruziga.

Ishusho y'ikibabi cy'amababi ya maple mu rusengero rw'ikirahure cy'ubururu cya zahabu gishushanyijeho irangi

Iyi sahani y'ikirahure ikozwe muri zahabu ishingiye ku buhanga bwo gushushanya ikirahure, ishimangira imiterere y'ingenzi hakoreshejwe zahabu kugira ngo isahani nziza y'ikirahure irusheho kuba nziza. Dukurikije inyandiko z'ububiko bw'ingoro yo munsi y'ubutaka, aya masahani y'ikirahure yashushanyijwe yari amaturo y'Umwami Xizong w'ingoma ya Tang kandi yashyizwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ya Tibetani muri Mutarama mu mwaka wa 15 wa Xiantong (874 nyuma ya Yesu).

Ibikoresho 20 by'ibirahuri byataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ya Famen Temple, muri byo harimo ibikombe bibiri by'icyayi n'udukombe tw'icyayi dushobora kuba ari ibikoresho byo mu rugo by'ibirahuri.

Ingoro yo munsi y'ubutaka y'urusengero rwa Famen irimo ibikombe by'icyayi by'ibirahuri n'amasahani y'icyayi

Igikombe cy'icyayi cy'ikirahure gifite umuhondo woroshye, gifite icyatsi kibisi gato, gifite urumuri rwiza, gifite umurambararo wa 12.7, uburebure bwa 5.2, uburebure bw'inda bwa santimetero 4, kandi gipima garama 117; Ibara ry'agasanduku k'icyayi cy'ikirahure ni nk'iry'igikombe cy'icyayi. Icyuma gishyigikiwe hasi kiringaniye, gifite umurambararo wa disiki wa 13.7, umurambararo wa metero 4.5, n'uburebure rusange bwa santimetero 3.8, gipima garama 138, byombi bikozwe no guhumeka bidafite ibihumyo.

Igikombe cy'icyayi cy'ikirahure n'agasanduku k'icyayi bitandukanyijwe

Inyandiko iri ku "Ihema ry'Imyenda" ryataburuwe mu ngoro yo munsi y'ubutaka ivuga ko iyi seti y'ibikombe by'icyayi by'ibirahuri ari "igikombe cy'icyayi cy'ibirahuri cya Tuozi", cyari n'icyubahiro cy'Umwami Xizong w'ingoma ya Tang.

Mu gihe cy'ingoma ya Song na Liao, inganda zikora ibirahuri ntizari zigenzurwa n'ibwami, kandi n'ibigo byigenga by'ibirahuri byari byarateye imbere. Ibikoresho bisanzwe by'ibirahuri byari byaramenyerewe cyane, ariko ibirahuri bitumizwa mu mahanga bifite ubuhanga buhambaye n'imiterere myiza byari bigihabwa agaciro cyane n'isi. Hari ubutunzi bwakunze gukoreshwa nk'amaturo kandi bugashyirwa mu ngoro zo munsi y'ubutaka.

Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Princess Chen wa Mongolia y'imbere afite igikombe cy'ikirahure

Mu mwaka wa karindwi wa Liao Kaitai muri Naiman Banner, muri Mongoliya y'imbere (1018 nyuma ya Yesu), ibikoresho birindwi by'ibirahuri byataburuwe mu mva y'igikomangomakazi Chen n'umugabo we. Kimwe mu bikombe byuzuye by'ibirahuri gifite umugozi gifite uburebure bwa santimetero 11.4, gifite umurambararo wa santimetero 9 n'umurambararo wo hasi wa santimetero 5.4. Ni umukara wijimye kandi ubonerana, gifite urwego ruhindagurika ku buso. Umunwa ufunze gato, umurambararo ni uruziga, amatugu arabyimbye, inda irasubira inyuma cyane, kandi ibirenge by'impeta y'ikinyoma bifatanye n'umugozi ugororotse ku munwa no ku matugu. Hari urufunguzo rw'uruziga ku mpera yo hejuru y'umugozi, rushobora kuba ari ikirahuri cyakozwe mu kinyejana cya 10 ku misozi ya Irani.

Icupa ry'ikirahure ririho imiterere y'inzara z'amata ku mva y'igikomangomakazi Chen wo mu ngoma ya Liao

Hariho kandi icupa ry'ikirahure ryavuguruwe rifite imiterere y'inyama z'inkeri, rifite uburebure bwa santimetero 17, rifite umurambararo wa santimetero 6, umurambararo w'inda wa santimetero 9.5, n'umurambararo wo hasi wa santimetero 8.7. Nta ibara rifite kandi ribonerana, rifite ijosi rirerire n'inda imeze nk'iy'umugozi, ibyimbye. Rifite ikirenge kirekire gisa n'impanda kandi rirashushanyijeho imirongo itanu y'imiterere y'inyama z'inkeri ku rukuta rw'inda. Igitangaje cyane ni uko umugozi w'icupa ukozwe mu byiciro 10 by'uduce tw'ibirahure tudafite ububobere, ibyo bikaba bisaba abakora ikirahure gusobanukirwa neza igihe ikirahure gishyushye gihinduka kuva ku cyoroshye kugera ku gikomeye mu gihe cyo gukonjesha, no kugishyira buhoro buhoro hamwe n'ubuhanga buhanitse kugira ngo kirangize igikorwa kigoye. Iri cupa ry'ikirahure rifite imiterere y'amata y'inzara rishobora kuba ari ikirahure gikomoka mu Misiri cyangwa muri Siriya.

Mu bikoresho by'ibirahuri byataburuwe mu mva y'Igikomangoma Chen wo mu Bwami bwa Liao, harimo icyapa cy'ikirahure cyashushanyijwe gifite umurambararo wa cm 25.5, umurambararo wo hasi wa cm 10, n'uburebure bwa cm 6.8. Nta ibara kandi kigaragara, gifite urwego ruhindagurika hejuru, umunwa ufunguye uzengurutse, impeta y'inda igoramye, n'ibirenge. Urukuta rw'inda ruriho piramide 28 ntoya za quadrangular zasizwe irangi n'intoki hakoreshejwe inziga isya. Iki gikoresho cy'ikirahure cyashushanyijwe gifite imiterere myiza n'ubukorikori buhebuje. Gishobora kuba ari umusaruro w'Ubwami bwa Byzantine mu kinyejana cya 10 n'icya 11, kandi ni ubutunzi budasanzwe bw'ikirahure ku isi bukiriho!

Icyapa cy'ikirahure cyashushanyijwe mu mva y'igikomangomakazi Chen wo mu ngoma ya Liao

Ibirahuri biri mu mva y'Igikomangoma Chen wo mu Bwami bwa Liao bikomoka mu Bwami bwa Byzantine ndetse no mu isi ya Kiyisilamu, bigaragaza ko itumanaho hagati ya Liao n'Uburengerazuba rirenze kure ibitekerezo by'abantu basanzwe.

Kugaragara mu kirere igihe kirekire cyangwa mu bubiko bw'igihe kirekire bwo munsi y'ubutaka bishobora gutuma ibintu by'ibirahuri bigwa nabi cyane, bigatuma bita agaciro kabyo. Kubwibyo, ikirahuri cya kera kigaragara muri iki gihe si cyo cyari gisanzweho.

Igikombe cy'ikirahure cy'ubururu bworoheje gifite ibirenge birebire kivuye mu mva ya Liao mu musozi wa Tuerji, muri Mongoliya y'imbere