Whiskey yo muri Ecosse: Urugendo rurerure rw'ikinyejana kuva mu bucuruzi gakondo kugeza ku kwaguka kw'isi yose

Inkomoko n'Ingingo z'ingenzi z'amateka

Whisky ya Scotch, mu magambo ahinnye nka Scotch, igaragaza urwego rwayo rudasanzwe. Iki kinyobwa cyiza cyane gikozwe mu buhanga buhanitse cyane gihererekanwa kuva ku bisekuru kugeza ku bindi muri iki gihugu cya kera cya Ecosse, bigatuma habaho uburyohe budasanzwe kandi buryoshye. Umurage wayo w’amateka ukomeye ukomoka ku ngoma ya Ming mu Bushinwa mu myaka irenga 500 ishize. Uko igihe cyagiye gihita, whisky ya Ecosse yabaye ubutunzi busangiwe n’abakunda divayi n’abayikunda ku isi yose.

Whisky yo muri Ecosse ishobora kugarukwaho mu myaka irenga 500 ishize, ifite amateka maremare n'ubwiza budasanzwe, ikora ku isi cyane.

Inkomoko y'ibinyobwa bisindisha

Inzoga ya Malt, nk'imwe mu nzoga za kera cyane mu mateka y'abantu, yabanje kuba ikinyobwa cyiza, gifite inzoga nke kandi gisembuye. Ariko, kugira ngo ibe whisky ikunzwe ku isi muri iki gihe, iracyakeneye kunyura mu ihinduka rikomeye - "distillation". Mu kinyejana cya 12 nyuma ya Yesu, ikoranabuhanga ryo gusya ryazanywe i Burayi binyuze mu maboko y'Abarabu baturutse mu Bushinwa bwa kure. Mbere y'ibi, inzoga nyinshi zakoreshwaga cyane mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi, zigakwirakwizwa n'abihaye Imana, kandi zikubahwa nk' "amazi y'ubugingo". Iyi nzoga y'amayobera yahise ikundwa cyane n'abaturage ndetse n'itorero.

Umwami ayoboye icyerekezo cya wisiki

Amateka ya wisiki yo muri Ecosse ashobora gusubizwa inyuma mu 1494, ubwo Umwami James wa IV wa Ecosse yakundaga wisiki cyane ndetse akanagira uruhare mu ikorwa ryayo. Ku kirwa cya Aire, umumonaki w’umugatolika witwaga John Corr yahawe inshingano n’umwami yo kugura uburo nk’ibikoresho fatizo no guteka wisiki izwi nka "amazi y’ubugingo", bingana n’amacupa agera ku 1500 muri iki gihe. Kuva icyo gihe, wisiki yabaye ikinyobwa cy’umwami, kandi urwego rwayo ruragaragara.

Umukino w'imbaraga hagati ya King Su na King Ying

Nyuma y'urupfu rwa James wa kane, Ecosse yaguye ku butegetsi bw'umwami w'Ubwongereza mu 1513. Henry wa VIII yasenye amadini y'abihaye Imana ya Ecosse anahatira abamonaki kuva mu ngo zabo. Nyuma yo kuzerera mu baturage, aba bamonaki bashoboraga kwishingikiriza gusa ku buryo bwo gusya kugira ngo babone imibereho binyuze mu guteka whisky mu mirima n'imirima by'abantu ku giti cyabo. Ariko, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Ecosse, iyobowe n'urukundo rwa rubanda kuri whisky, yahisemo kuyubahiriza. Ariko, mu maso y'umuryango w'abami b'Ubwongereza, whisky ya Ecosse iracyatemewe n'amategeko. Kugira ngo ibone umugabane ku isoko rya whisky ariko idashaka kwemerera umusaruro wayo, umuryango w'abami b'Ubwongereza wafashe ingamba z'uburiganya mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 18 - ishyiraho imisoro iremereye kuri malt. Iyi ngamba yongereye imbaraga mu mubano utoroshye hagati ya Ecosse n'Ubwongereza.

Kwaguka kw'isi yose byafashe amahirwe y'amateka

Mu kinyejana cya 19, Ubwongereza bwari ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubukungu bw’igihugu. Kubera aya mahirwe, inganda zikora inzoga nka Tommy Dewar, Johnnie Walker, James Chivas, n’abandi zatumye wisiki yo muri Ecosse igera ku isoko mpuzamahanga - kuva muri Hong Kong ishyushye kugeza muri Hanoi ya kera, kuva muri Sydney ishyushye kugeza muri San Francisco ishyushye, kuva muri Montreal ishyushye kugeza muri Mumbai ishyushye, ndetse no mu birwa bya Cape Town na Cape Verde bya kure. Urugendo mpuzamahanga rwa wisiki yo muri Ecosse rwatangiye, rutsinda urukundo rurambye rw’abaguzi ku isi kandi rushyiraho urufatiro rukomeye rw’intsinzi y’uyu munsi.

Udushya mu ikoranabuhanga nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose

Mu 1938, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zabaye isoko rikomeye ryo kohereza mu mahanga whisky yo muri Ecosse. Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, whisky yiswe "ikinyobwa cy'isi yigenga," bitewe no kwamamaza kwagutse muri Hollywood no kugera ku rwego rw'ibihugu by'Uburayi, izina ryayo ryariyongereye umunsi ku wundi. Mu 1970, umusaruro wa whisky ya malt wari wikubye kabiri ugereranije no mu 1960. Kubera iterambere ry'umusaruro, inganda zikora divayi nazo zagiye zivugururwa. Ikigega cyo kongerera imbaraga amashanyarazi cyagiye gisimbura buhoro buhoro ibigega bisanzwe byo kongerera imbaraga amashanyarazi, kandi imikorere yacyo myiza n'imikorere yo gusukura byikubye gatatu imikorere myiza. Byongeye kandi, inganda nyinshi zo kongerera imbaraga amashanyarazi nazo zashyizeho ibikoresho byo kongerera imbaraga umuriro kandi buhoro buhoro zikoresha uburyo bwo gushyushya umwuka.

Izamuka rya malt imwe

Mu myaka ya 1960, uruganda rw’inzoga rwa Glenfiddich rwagaragaje ubuhanga mu isoko maze rufata icyemezo cyo kuva ku murongo rumenyekanisha divayi zabo mu buryo bwa "single malt". Nubwo whisky ivanze ari yo yari yiganje ku isoko icyo gihe, iyi ntambwe nshya yatumye habaho izamuka rya whisky imwe. Glenfiddich yagurishije amakarito 11422 ya whisky imwe, kandi mu 1970, ibyo bagurishaga buri mwaka byari birengeje amakarito 50000, bingana na kimwe cya gatatu cy’isoko ryoherezwa mu mahanga rya Sunway ndetse biba ikigo gikomeye mu gukora whisky imwe.

Isoko ry'Ubushinwa riri gutera imbere cyane

Mu myaka 20 ishize, urukundo rw'Ubushinwa kuri whisky yo muri Ecosse rwariyongereye cyane, kandi iyi ngeso yitezwe ko izakomeza. Nubwo Baijiu ari yo iyoboye isoko ry'inzoga zo mu Bushinwa, abakiriya bakiri bato kandi bafite imbaraga mu by'ubukungu barimo kwiyambaza Solvay. Abaguzi b'Abashinwa bashishikajwe n'amateka akomeye ya Suwei n'ubukorikori gakondo. Benshi mu bakunda whisky biteguye kwishyura arenga £ 150 kuri buri icupa, abarenga 90% muri bo bizera ko malt imwe ari yo nzoga nziza cyane ku isoko. Dukurikije amakuru yavuye muri sosiyete zitwara abagenzi mu Bushinwa mu 2021, ingano ya whisky yo mu gihugu yiyongereyeho 43.9% ugereranyije n'umwaka, igera kuri litiro miliyoni 30.28, kandi agaciro k'icuruzwa ry'inzoga kariyongereyeho 92%, kagera kuri miliyoni 460 z'amadolari y'Amerika.