Amateka y'Iterambere ry'Ikirahure

1.1 Inkomoko y'Ikirahure cy'Isi
Dukurikije inyandiko z’amateka zifatika, zigaruka ahagana mu myaka ya 3000 mbere ya Yesu kugeza mu 2000 mbere ya Yesu, abaturage ba Misiri cyangwa Mezopotamiya bari bamaze guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibirahuri bikuze. Hari kandi umugani uvuga ko mu myaka irenga 3000 ishize, abacuruzi ba Foyinike bavumbuye kristu zikorwa n’ubuhinduzi bw’ibinyabutabire hagati y’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa "soda karemano" (bamwe bavuga saltpeter) n’umucanga wa quartz ku mucanga munsi y’umuriro, ari na wo bwoko bwa mbere bw’ibirahuri. Abanyafoyinike mu buryo busanzwe ntibigeze babura amahirwe yo gucuruza. Bakoresheje ubu buryo bw’ubuhinduzi bw’ibinyabutabire kugira ngo bakore umucanga mwinshi, amabuye y’agaciro, ivu rya soda, n’amasaro y’ibirahuri yakuwemo, byagurishwaga hose. Nubwo bungutse byinshi, banateje imbere gukundwa kw’ibirahuri ku isi, bituma ibihugu byinshi byari bifitanye umubano w’ubucuruzi n’Abanyafoyinike bitangira kubona ibirahuri byiza.
Indorerwamo za Fiennes na Ferret z’Abanyafenisiya zifatwa nk’iza mbere mu gukora ibirahuri. Iterambere ry’ibirahuri byo hambere ryanyuze mu bihe bine by’ingenzi: igihe cya kera cy’umuco (hafi ya 3500 mbere ya Yesu kugeza 1000 mbere ya Yesu), igihe cya kera cy’umuco (hafi ya 100 mbere ya Yesu kugeza 500 nyuma ya Yesu), igihe cya kera cy’umuco (hafi ya 500 mbere ya Yesu kugeza 1500 nyuma ya Yesu), n’igihe cya Renaissance n’ikinyejana cya 17 kugeza 19 (hafi ya 1500 mbere ya Yesu kugeza 1890 nyuma ya Yesu). Nyuma yaho, imibereho y’abaturage yagendaga ihinduka buhoro buhoro, aho ibirahuri byihariye, ibirahuri by’ubuhanzi, ibirahuri by’imitako, n’ibirahuri by’ubwubatsi byiganjemo.
2. Gukoresha ikirahure

2.1 Imikoreshereze y'Ikirahure mu mateka
Ikirahure cyabanje gushyirwaho ku bintu by'ingenzi bya buri munsi nko Ibikombe by'ikirahure, amacupa, n'amasahani. Abanyamezopotamiya bakoraga ibice by'ubutaka, hanyuma bigapfundikirwa n'udushumi tw'ibirahuri twashongeshejwe hanyuma bigatunganywa kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu birahuri. Ibikoresho by'ibirahuri bikorwa muri ubu buryo akenshi bifata ishusho y'icupa kandi bigakoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo amazi cyangwa ibiryo.
Ikirahure cya mbere cyafatwaga nk'ikigira ibara rimwe gusa, icyatsi kibisi, ibyo bikaba byaragabanyaga icyerekezo cyo gukoreshwa kwacyo. Nyuma yaho ni bwo abantu bavumbuye ko impamvu ikirahure kigaragaza ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi ari uko ibikoresho fatizo byakoreshejwe mu gukora ikirahure birimo icyuma gito, kandi imvange y'icyuma cya divalent ituma ikirahure gisa n'icyatsi kibisi. Nyuma yo kongeramo dioxyde ya manganese, habayeho impinduka mu ibara. Iri hinduka ryihariye kandi ryiza ry'amabara ryazamuye ikoreshwa ry'ikirahure ku rundi rwego - ibicuruzwa bitandukanye by'ikirahure by'amabara byaragaragaye. Cyane cyane nyuma y'uko Abataliyani bamenye ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukora ikirahure, ikirahure cy'amabara cyakoreshejwe cyane mu birahure by'amatorero, cyane cyane mu bwubatsi bw'urusengero bwa Gothic. Insengero za Gothic zikunze kugaragaza inyubako ikarishye kandi ndende isa n'aho iguruka izamuka, bigatuma idirishya rirerire ry'Abafaransa riba ikirahure cy'amabara. Izuba rirabagirana mu madirishya y'amabara ryinjira mu rusengero rutagatifu, bigatuma ikirere cy'urusengero kiba cyiza kandi cyera.
Nyuma y’aho, ibirahure byakoreshejwe cyane mu nganda z’ubwubatsi. Mu 1833, inyubako ya mbere ku isi yubatswe mu byuma n’ibirahure, greenhouse ya Garden des Plantes, yaramuritswe. Bitandukanye n’uburemere bw’inyubako z’amabuye, inyubako z’ibirahure zishobora kuzana ibyiyumvo bisobanutse kandi bisukuye, byashimwe cyane n’abantu igihe runaka. Urugero rugaragara cyane ni ahantu habereye imurikagurisha ry’isi rya London (hazwi kandi nka "Crystal Palace") hubatswe ku buyobozi bwa Paxton mu 1851, hashobora kwitwa urusengero rw’ibirahure.

2.2 Ikirahure cya none Porogaramu
Mu bihe bya none, ikoreshwa ry'ibirahuri ryarushijeho gukwirakwira. Agacupa k'ikirahure Bishyirwa mu byiciro by'ibirahuri birambuye n'ibirahuri byihariye. Ibirahuri birambuye bigabanyijemo ubwoko butatu: ibirahuri birambuye bifite imiyoboro cyangwa bidafite imiyoboro, ibirahuri birambuye bifite uburyo bwo gukurura burambuye, n'ibirahuri birebire. Ubwo bwoko bw'ibirahuri bufite akamaro kabwo mu nganda z'ubwubatsi n'imitako, inganda z'imodoka, inganda z'ubuhanzi, ndetse no mu gisirikare. Dukurikije imiterere yabyo, ibirahuri bishobora kugabanywamo ibirahuri bya quartz, ibirahuri byinshi bya silica, ibirahuri bya silicate ya lead, ibirahuri bya sodium calcium, ibirahuri bya silicate ya aluminiyumu, ibirahuri bya borosilicate, ibirahuri bya potasiyumu, nibindi. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibirahuri bufite akamaro kabwo, nko mu gukora ibirahuri birebire bya soda, bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibirahuri birebire, ibirahuri, n'amatara; ibirahuri bya silicate ya lead bikoreshwa nk'inkingi y'icyuma gisukura bitewe nuko bishobora kumena ibyuma byinshi, kandi binakoreshwa mu kuziba imirasire kuko lead ishobora kuziba ibintu birebire; ibirahuri bya borosilicate ni byo bikunzwe cyane mu birahuri by'ibikoresho bya shimi bitewe nuko bikomeye kandi birwanya ingese.

3. Ahazaza h'ikirahure
3.1 Ibyiza by'ejo hazaza by'ibirahure by'ubuhanzi n'ibirahure by'imitako
Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu irahuri rya none ni ibirahuri by'ubuhanzi n'ibirahuri byo gushushanya. Ibirahuri byacitse ku ngoyi yo gukurikirana ibintu bifatika hakiri kare kandi bitangira gutera imbere bigana ku kunoza. Nyuma y'uko ama studio y'ibirahuri atangiye kumera nk'ibihumyo nyuma y'imvura, ibicuruzwa byinshi byiza by'ibirahuri byatangiye kugaragara, birimo ibikoresho byo gushyiramo buji z'ibirahuri, imitako y'ibirahuri, amashusho y'ibirahuri, ndetse n'amashusho manini y'ibirahuri by'amabara. Ibintu bikoreshwa mu birahuri by'ubuhanzi bitandukanye kuva ku modoka, inyubako, n'ibishushanyo byo mu gikari kugeza ku byuma bito by'isaha, amakaramu y'indorerwamo, na telefoni zigendanwa. Ibirahuri bishobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'ibuye ry'urutare mu gusimbuza diyama zihenze. "Diyama" zigaragara ku bikoresho bito muri iki gihe ni amabuye menshi y'urutare akozwe mu kirahuri.
Inama zanjye bwite ku iterambere ry'ibirahure by'ubugeni mu gihe kizaza ni izi zikurikira:
1. Ibirahure by'ubugeni n'ibirahure by'imitako bigomba guha agaciro ihumure n'ubuhanga, kubahiriza imiterere yihariye y'ubuhanga, no kuzanira abantu ibirori bidasanzwe.
2. Kunoza imiterere y'ibirahure by'ubugeni, kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kwagura umusaruro w'ibirahure by'ubugeni.
3. Guteza imbere amahame ngenderwaho mu nganda kugira ngo habeho igishushanyo mbonera n'ikorwa ry'ibirahuri by'ubugeni, no kwirinda ibintu nk'ibyanduza ibikoresho fatizo.
4. Gushyira ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu ikorwa ry'ibirahure by'ubugeni n'ibirahure by'imitako bijyana ikoranabuhanga mu gukora ibirahure ku rwego rushya kandi bigateza imbere iterambere ry'inganda.
Imikorere myinshi n'uruvange rw'ibirahure by'ubugeni n'ibirahure by'imitako ni ibisabwa kugira ngo bihuzwe n'igihe. Urugero, ibirahure by'imitako byateguwe hifashishijwe uturemangingo tw'izuba n'inkuta z'amabara y'ibirahure ntibishobora gukoresha ingufu z'izuba gusa ahubwo binakoreshwa nk'inkuta zidatwara imizigo n'imitako, byica inyoni ebyiri n'ibuye rimwe.

3.2 Ikirahure cyihariye
Ikirahure cyihariye gikoreshwa cyane mu nzego nko mu bikoresho, mu bya gisirikare, mu buvuzi, mu by'ikoranabuhanga, mu butabire, no mu bwubatsi, buri kimwe gifite imiterere yacyo. Nk'ikirahure gishyushye (gifite imbaraga nyinshi, nticyoroshye kugimena, nubwo cyameneka, ntikizakora uduce duto twangiza umubiri w'umuntu), ikirahure gikozwe mu buryo bwa embossed (kidahinduka, gikunze gukoreshwa ahantu hasaba kuvurwa mu buryo budahinduka, nko mu bwiherero), ikirahure gifite laminated (gikunze gukoreshwa mu bwubatsi, nticyoroshye kugimena iyo cyakozweho), ikirahure gishyushye (ingaruka nziza zo gukingira amajwi), ikirahure kidapfa amasasu (ikirahure gikomeye, gishobora guhagarika amasasu ku muvuduko muto kandi kikarinda umutekano), n'ibindi.

Ikirahure cyihariye cya borosilicate nyinshi
Byongeye kandi, ubwoko bushya butandukanye bw'ibirahure bikozwe hakoreshejwe imiti itandukanye nabyo bifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa. Harimo ikirahure cya silica nyinshi, ikirahure cya silicate cy'icuma, ikirahure cya sodium calcium, ikirahure cya aluminiyumu cya silicate, ikirahure cya borosilicate, ikirahure cya potasiyumu, nibindi byavuzwe mbere, ikirahure cy'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma nacyo ni ubwoko bushya bw'ibirahure burimo gukurura abantu. Ikirahure cy'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma ni ibikoresho bidafite isura igaragara ahanini bigizwe n'ibikoresho by'icyuma, bidafite inenge za kristu nk'imiterere, imyanya, n'ingingo. Gifite imiterere myiza nko kuba gifite ubushobozi bwo gukomera, imbaraga nyinshi, kudahura n'ingufu, kudahura n'ingaruka, no kudahura n'ubukonje n'ubushyuhe, kandi gifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mu rwego rwo guteza imbere peteroli na gaze.